Currently, Buildroot provides one BR2_ARCH_HAS_ATOMICS boolean option
to indicate whether the architecture supports atomic operations or
not. However, the reality of atomic operations support is much more
complicated and requires more than one option to be expressed
properly.
There are in fact two types of atomic built-ins provided by gcc:
(1) The __sync_*() family of functions, which have been in gcc for a
long time (probably gcc 4.1). They are available in variants
operating on 1-byte, 2-byte, 4-byte and 8-byte integers. Some
architectures implement a number of variants, some do not
implement any, some implement all of them.
They are now considered "legacy" by the gcc developers but are
nonetheless still being used by a significant number of userspace
libraries and applications.
https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/_005f_005fsync-Builtins.html
(2) The __atomic_*() family of functions, which have been introduced
in gcc 4.7. They have been introduced in order to support C++11
atomic operations. In gcc 4.8, they are available on all
architectures, either built-in or in the libatomic library part
of the gcc runtime (in which case the application needs to be
linked with -latomic). In gcc 4.7, the __atomic_*() intrinsics
are only supported on certain architectures, since libatomic did
not exist at the time.
For (1), a single BR2_ARCH_HAS_ATOMICS is not sufficient, because
depending on the architecture, some variants may or may not be
available. Setting BR2_ARCH_HAS_ATOMICS to false as soon as one of the
variant is missing would cause a large number of packages to become
unavailable, even if they in fact use only more common variants
available on a large number of architectures. For this reason, we've
chosen to introduce four new Config.in options:
- BR2_TOOLCHAIN_HAS_SYNC_1
- BR2_TOOLCHAIN_HAS_SYNC_2
- BR2_TOOLCHAIN_HAS_SYNC_3
- BR2_TOOLCHAIN_HAS_SYNC_4
Which indicate whether the toolchain support 1-byte, 2-byte, 4-byte
and 8-byte __sync_*() built-ins respectively.
For (2), we introduce a BR2_TOOLCHAIN_HAS_ATOMIC, which indicates if
the __atomic_*() built-ins are available. Note that it is up to the
package to link with -latomic when gcc is >= 4.8. Since __atomic_*()
intrinsics for all sizes are supported starting
We conducted a fairly large analysis about various architectures
supported by Buildroot, as well as with a number of different
toolchains, to check which combinations support which variant. To do,
we linked the following program with various toolchains:
int main(void)
{
uint8_t a;
uint16_t b;
uint32_t c;
uint64_t d;
__sync_fetch_and_add(&a, 3);
__sync_fetch_and_add(&b, 3);
__sync_fetch_and_add(&c, 3);
__sync_fetch_and_add(&d, 3);
__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&a, 1, 2);
__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&b, 1, 2);
__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&c, 1, 2);
__sync_val_compare_and_swap(&d, 1, 2);
__atomic_add_fetch(&a, 3, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
__atomic_add_fetch(&b, 3, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
__atomic_add_fetch(&c, 3, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
__atomic_add_fetch(&d, 3, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&a, &a, 2, 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&b, &b, 2, 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&c, &c, 2, 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&d, &d, 2, 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
return 0;
}
And looked at which symbols were unresolved. For the __atomic_*()
ones, we tested with and without -latomic to see which variants are
built-in, which variants require libatomic. This testing effort has
led to the following results:
__sync __atomic gcc
1 2 4 8 1 2 4 8
ARC Y Y Y - Y Y Y L 4.8 [with BR2_ARC_ATOMIC_EXT]
ARC - - - - L L L L 4.8 [without BR2_ARC_ATOMIC_EXT]
ARM Y Y Y X Y Y Y Y 4.8, 4.7
ARM Y Y Y - 4.5
AArch64 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 4.9, 5.1
Bfin - - Y - 4.3
i386 (i386) - - - - L L L L 4.9
i386 (i486..) Y Y Y - L L L L 4.9 [i486, c3, winchip2, winchip-c6]
i386 (> i586) Y Y Y Y L L L L 4.9
Microblaze - - Y - L L Y L 4.9
MIPS Y Y Y - Y Y Y L 4.9
MIPS64 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 4.9
NIOS 2 Y Y Y - Y Y Y L 4.9, 5.2
PowerPC Y Y Y - Y Y Y L 4.9
SuperH Y Y Y - Y Y Y L 4.9
SPARC - - - - L L L L 4.9
SPARC64 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 4.9
x86_64 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 4.7, 4.9
Xtensa Y Y Y - Y Y Y Y 4.9
Notes:
* __atomic built-ins appeared in gcc 4.7, so for toolchais older than
that, the __atomic column is empty.
* Y means 'supported built-in'
* L means 'supported via linking to libatomic' (only for __atomic
functions)
* X indicates a very special case for 8 bytes __sync built-ins on
ARM. On ARMv7, there is no problem, starting from gcc 4.7, the
__sync built-in for 8 bytes integers is implemented, fully in
userspace. For cores < ARMv7, doing a 8 bytes atomic operation
requires help from the kernel. Unfortunately, the libgcc code
implementing this uses the __write() function to display an error,
and this function is internal to glibc. Therefore, if you're using
glibc everything is fine, but if you're using uClibc or musl, you
cannot link an application that uses 8 bytes __sync
operations. This has been fixed as part of gcc PR68095, merged in
the gcc 5 branch but not yet part of any gcc release.
* - means not supported
This commit only introduces the new options. Follow-up commits will
progressively change the packages using BR2_ARCH_HAS_ATOMICS to use
the appropriate BR2_TOOLCHAIN_HAS_SYNC_x or BR2_TOOLCHAIN_HAS_ATOMIC
until the point where BR2_ARCH_HAS_ATOMICS can be removed.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Petazzoni <thomas.petazzoni@free-electrons.com>
Buildroot is a simple, efficient and easy-to-use tool to generate embedded
Linux systems through cross-compilation.
The documentation can be found in docs/manual. You can generate a text
document with 'make manual-text' and read output/docs/manual/manual.text.
Online documentation can be found at http://buildroot.org/docs.html
To build and use the buildroot stuff, do the following:
1) run 'make menuconfig'
2) select the target architecture and the packages you wish to compile
3) run 'make'
4) wait while it compiles
5) find the kernel, bootloader, root filesystem, etc. in output/images
You do not need to be root to build or run buildroot. Have fun!
Buildroot comes with a basic configuration for a number of boards. Run
'make list-defconfigs' to view the list of provided configurations.
Please feed suggestions, bug reports, insults, and bribes back to the
buildroot mailing list: buildroot@buildroot.org
You can also find us on #buildroot on Freenode IRC.
If you would like to contribute patches, please read
https://buildroot.org/manual.html#submitting-patches
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